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Pamene Phwando la Spring likufika kumapeto, chisangalalo chozungulira DeepSeek chimakhala champhamvu. Tchuthi chaposachedwa chinawonetsa mpikisano wofunikira mkati mwamakampani aukadaulo, ambiri akukambirana ndikuwunika "nsomba zam'madzi" izi. Silicon Valley ikukumana ndi zovuta zomwe sizinachitikepo: olimbikitsa otsegula akuperekanso malingaliro awo, ndipo ngakhale OpenAI ikuwunikanso ngati njira yake yotsekera inali yabwino kwambiri. Malingaliro atsopano otsika mtengo owerengera adayambitsa kusagwirizana pakati pa zimphona zazikulu ngati Nvidia, zomwe zidabweretsa kutayika kwa tsiku limodzi pamsika wamsika waku US, pomwe mabungwe aboma akufufuza kutsatiridwa kwa tchipisi tomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi DeepSeek. Pakati pa ndemanga zosakanikirana za DeepSeek kutsidya kwa nyanja, kunyumba, ikukula modabwitsa. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtundu wa R1, pulogalamu yomwe ikugwirizana nayo yawona kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti kukula kwa magawo ogwiritsira ntchito kupititsa patsogolo chilengedwe chonse cha AI. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti DeepSeek ikulitsa mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito, kutanthauza kuti kudalira ChatGPT sikudzakhala kodula kwambiri mtsogolomo. Kusintha kumeneku kwawonetsedwa muzochitika zaposachedwa za OpenAI, kuphatikiza kupereka kwachitsanzo choganiza chotchedwa o3-mini kwa ogwiritsa ntchito aulere poyankha DeepSeek R1, komanso zosintha zina zomwe zidapangitsa kuti lingaliro la o3-mini liwonekere. Ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri akunja adathokoza kwa DeepSeek chifukwa chazitukukozi, ngakhale kuti lingaliro ili limagwira ntchito ngati chidule.
Mwachiyembekezo, zikuwonekeratu kuti DeepSeek ikugwirizanitsa osewera apakhomo. Poyang'ana kwambiri kuchepetsa ndalama zophunzitsira, opanga ma chip osiyanasiyana, omwe amapereka mitambo pakati, ndi oyambitsa ambiri akulowa nawo zachilengedwe, kupititsa patsogolo mtengo wogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa DeepSeek. Malinga ndi mapepala a DeepSeek, kuphunzitsidwa kwathunthu kwa mtundu wa V3 kumangofunika maola 2.788 miliyoni a H800 GPU, ndipo njira yophunzitsira ndiyokhazikika kwambiri. Zomangamanga za MoE (Mixture of Experts) ndizofunika kwambiri pakuchepetsa mtengo wophunzitsira usanayambike ndi khumi poyerekeza ndi Llama 3 yokhala ndi magawo 405 biliyoni. Pakali pano, V3 ndi chitsanzo choyamba chodziwika ndi anthu chosonyeza kuchepa kwakukulu kotereku mu MoE. Kuphatikiza apo, MLA (Multi Layer Attention) imagwira ntchito mogwirizana, makamaka pamalingaliro. "Kuchepetsa kwa MoE, kukulitsa kukula kwa batch komwe kumafunikira pakukambirana kuti agwiritse ntchito mphamvu zowerengera, kukula kwa KVCache kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri cholepheretsa; MLA imachepetsa kukula kwa KVCache," adatero wofufuza wochokera ku Chuanjing Technology pakuwunika kwa AI Technology Review. Ponseponse, kupambana kwa DeepSeek kwagona pakuphatikiza matekinoloje osiyanasiyana, osati imodzi yokha. Ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale amayamikira luso la uinjiniya la gulu la DeepSeek, pozindikira kupambana kwawo pakuphunzitsidwa kofananira ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, kupeza zotsatira zabwino kwambiri poyeretsa chilichonse. Njira yotseguka ya DeepSeek imathandizira kukula kwamitundu yayikulu, ndipo zikuyembekezeredwa kuti ngati mitundu yofananira ikukula kukhala zithunzi, makanema, ndi zina zambiri, izi zilimbikitsa kufunikira kwamakampani onse.
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DeepSeek ikuwonetsa kuti kuyambira pomwe idatulutsidwa, DeepSeek yapeza ogwiritsa ntchito 22.15 miliyoni tsiku lililonse (DAU) mkati mwa masiku 21 okha, kukwaniritsa 41.6% ya ogwiritsa ntchito a ChatGPT ndikupitilira ogwiritsa ntchito tsiku lililonse 16.95 miliyoni a Doubao, motero idakhala pulogalamu yomwe ikukula mwachangu padziko lonse lapansi, ikupitilira Apple App Store m'maiko 17 Komabe, pomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amakhamukira m'magulumagulu, owononga ma cyber akhala akuukira pulogalamu ya DeepSeek, zomwe zikuyambitsa kupsinjika kwakukulu pamaseva ake. Ofufuza zamakampani akukhulupirira kuti izi zidachitika pang'ono chifukwa DeepSeek adatumiza makhadi ophunzirira pomwe alibe mphamvu zokwanira zowerengera. Wogwira ntchito m'makampani adadziwitsa AI Technology Review, "Nkhani zomwe zimachitika pafupipafupi za seva zimatha kuthetsedwa mosavuta polipira chindapusa kapena ndalama zogulira makina ambiri; pamapeto pake, zimatengera zisankho za DeepSeek." Izi zikuwonetsa kusinthana koyang'ana paukadaulo ndi kupanga. DeepSeek idadalira kwambiri kuchuluka kwa ndalama kuti azitha kudzisamalira, popeza adalandira ndalama zochepa zakunja, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kutsika kwandalama komanso malo abwino aukadaulo. Pakadali pano, potengera zovuta zomwe tatchulazi, ogwiritsa ntchito ena akulimbikitsa DeepSeek pazama media kuti akweze malire ogwiritsira ntchito kapena kuyambitsa zolipiridwa kuti alimbikitse chitonthozo cha ogwiritsa ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, opanga ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito API yovomerezeka kapena ma API a chipani chachitatu kuti akwaniritse bwino. Komabe, nsanja yotseguka ya DeepSeek yalengeza posachedwapa, "Zomwe zilipo pa seva ndizosowa, ndipo kubweza kwa ntchito za API kwayimitsidwa."
Izi mosakayikira zimatsegula mwayi wambiri kwa ogulitsa chipani chachitatu mu gawo lachitukuko cha AI. Posachedwa, zimphona zambiri zamtambo zapakhomo komanso zapadziko lonse lapansi zakhazikitsa ma API a DeepSeek — zimphona zakunja za Microsoft ndi Amazon zinali m'gulu la oyamba kulowa nawo kumapeto kwa Januware. Mtsogoleri wapakhomo, Huawei Cloud, adasuntha koyamba, kumasula DeepSeek R1 ndi V3 kulingalira misonkhano mogwirizana ndi Silicon-based Flow pa February 1. Malipoti ochokera ku AI Technology Review amasonyeza kuti ntchito za Silicon-based Flow zawona kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, mogwira mtima "kugwa" nsanja. Makampani akuluakulu atatu aukadaulo - BAT (Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent) ndi ByteDance - adaperekanso zotsika mtengo, zanthawi yochepa kuyambira pa February 3, zomwe zimakumbukira nkhondo zamitengo yamitengo ya chaka chatha zomwe zidayambitsidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwachitsanzo kwa DeepSeek's V2, komwe DeepSeek idayamba kutchedwa "wogulitsa mitengo." Zochita zachangu za ogulitsa mitambo zikufanana ndi ubale wamphamvu pakati pa Microsoft Azure ndi OpenAI, pomwe mu 2019, Microsoft idapanga ndalama zokwana $ 1 biliyoni ku OpenAI ndipo idapindula pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ChatGPT mu 2023. Munthawi imeneyi, DeepSeek sinangodutsa ChatGPT potengera kutentha kwazinthu koma yabweretsanso mitundu yotseguka potsatira kutulutsidwa kwa o1, zofanana ndi chisangalalo chomwe Llama adatsitsimutsa GPT-3.
M'malo mwake, opereka mtambo akudziyikanso ngati zipata zamagalimoto zamapulogalamu a AI, kutanthauza kuti kukulitsa ubale ndi opanga kumatanthawuza zopindulitsa. Malipoti akuwonetsa kuti Baidu Smart Cloud inali ndi makasitomala opitilira 15,000 omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa DeepSeek kudzera papulatifomu ya Qianfan patsiku lokhazikitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, makampani ang'onoang'ono angapo akupereka mayankho, kuphatikiza Silicon-based Flow, Luchen Technology, Chuanjing Technology, ndi othandizira osiyanasiyana a AI Infra omwe ayambitsa chithandizo chamitundu ya DeepSeek. AI Technology Review yaphunzira kuti mipata yamakono yopititsa patsogolo ntchito za DeepSeek imapezeka m'madera awiri: imodzi ikukonzekera mawonekedwe amtundu wa MoE pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro osakanikirana kuti apereke chitsanzo cha 671 biliyoni cha MoE kwanuko ndikugwiritsa ntchito hybrid GPU/CPU inference. Kuphatikiza apo, kukhathamiritsa kwa MLA ndikofunikira. Komabe, mitundu iwiri ya DeepSeek ikukumanabe ndi zovuta pakukhathamiritsa kwa kutumiza. "Chifukwa cha kukula kwachitsanzo komanso magawo ambiri, kukhathamiritsa kumakhaladi kovuta, makamaka kwa omwe atumizidwa komweko komwe kupeza bwino pakati pa magwiridwe antchito ndi mtengo kumakhala kovuta," adatero wofufuza wa Chuanjing Technology. Vuto lalikulu kwambiri ndikugonjetsa malire a kukumbukira. "Timagwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana yosagwirizana kuti tigwiritse ntchito mokwanira ma CPU ndi zida zina zowerengera, ndikuyika magawo omwe sanagawidwe a matrix ochepera a MoE pa CPU / DRAM kuti agwiritse ntchito ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri a CPU, pomwe magawo olimba amakhala pa GPU," adafotokozanso. Malipoti akuwonetsa kuti Chuanjing's open-source framework KTransformers makamaka imalowetsa njira zosiyanasiyana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito muzokhazikitsira zoyambira za Transformers kudzera pa template, kupititsa patsogolo liwiro lamalingaliro pogwiritsa ntchito njira ngati CUDAGraph. DeepSeek yapanga mwayi woyambira izi, pomwe phindu la kukula likuwonekera; makampani ambiri anena za kukula kwamakasitomala atakhazikitsa DeepSeek API, kulandira mafunso kuchokera kwamakasitomala am'mbuyomu omwe akufuna kukhathamiritsa. Ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale adanenanso kuti, "M'mbuyomu, magulu amakasitomala okhazikika nthawi zambiri amatsekeredwa muzochita zofananira zamakampani akuluakulu, omangidwa mwamphamvu ndi mtengo wawo chifukwa cha kukula kwake. Komabe, titamaliza kutumizidwa kwa DeepSeek-R1/V3 Chikondwerero cha Spring chisanachitike, tidalandira mwadzidzidzi zopempha za mgwirizano kuchokera kwamakasitomala angapo odziwika bwino, ndipo ngakhale m'mbuyomu tidayambitsa kulumikizana ndi DeepSeek-R1/V3. Pakadali pano, zikuwoneka kuti DeepSeek ikupanga magwiridwe antchito kukhala ovuta kwambiri, ndipo pakutengera mitundu yayikulu, izi zipitiliza kulimbikitsa chitukuko chamakampani a AI Infra kwambiri. Ngati mtundu wa DeepSeek ukhoza kutumizidwa kwanuko pamtengo wotsika, ungathandize kwambiri maboma ndi mabizinesi kusintha kusintha kwa digito. Komabe, zovuta zikupitilirabe, chifukwa makasitomala ena amatha kukhala ndi ziyembekezo zazikulu zokhudzana ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kwamitundu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwonekere kuti kulinganiza magwiridwe antchito ndi mtengo kumakhala kofunika kwambiri pakutumiza.
Kuti muwone ngati DeepSeek ndiyabwino kuposa ChatGPT, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kusiyana kwawo kwakukulu, mphamvu zawo, ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Nayi kufananitsa kwathunthu:
| Mbali/Mawonekedwe | DeepSeek | ChatGPT |
|---|---|---|
| umwini | Yopangidwa ndi kampani yaku China | Yopangidwa ndi OpenAI |
| Source Model | Open source | Mwini |
| Mtengo | Zaulere kugwiritsa ntchito; Zosankha zotsika mtengo za API | Kulembetsa kapena kulipira pakugwiritsa ntchito mitengo |
| Kusintha mwamakonda | Zosintha mwamakonda kwambiri, zomwe zimalola ogwiritsa ntchito kusintha ndikumangapo | Zosintha mwamakonda zilipo |
| Kuchita mu Ntchito Zapadera | Amachita bwino m'malo ena monga kusanthula deta ndi kubweza zambiri | Zosiyanasiyana ndikuchita mwamphamvu pakulemba kwaluso ndi ntchito zokambilana |
| Thandizo la Chiyankhulo | Kuyang'ana kwambiri pachilankhulo ndi chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina | Thandizo lalikulu lachilankhulo koma US-centric |
| Mtengo Wophunzitsira | Kutsika mtengo wophunzitsira, wokometsedwa kuti agwire bwino ntchito | Kukwera mtengo kwamaphunziro, kumafunikira zida zowerengera |
| Kusiyanasiyana kwa Mayankho | Atha kupereka mayankho osiyanasiyana, mwina motengera momwe dziko lilili | Mayankho osasinthasintha kutengera zomwe zaphunzitsidwa |
| Omvera Otsatira | Cholinga cha opanga ndi ofufuza omwe akufuna kusinthasintha | Cholinga cha ogwiritsa wamba kufunafuna luso kukambirana |
| Gwiritsani Ntchito Milandu | Zothandiza kwambiri popanga ma code komanso ntchito zachangu | Zoyenera kupanga mawu, kuyankha mafunso, ndikuchita nawo zokambirana |
Malingaliro Ovuta pa "Kusokoneza Nvidia"
Pakadali pano, kupatula Huawei, opanga ma chip angapo apakhomo monga Moore Threads, Muxi, Biran Technology, ndi Tianxu Zhixin akusinthanso kumitundu iwiri ya DeepSeek. Wopanga ma chip adauza AI Technology Review, "Mapangidwe a DeepSeek akuwonetsa zatsopano, komabe akadali LLM. Kusintha kwathu kwa DeepSeek kumayang'ana kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro, kupangitsa kuti luso laukadaulo likhale lolunjika komanso mwachangu." Komabe, njira ya MoE imafuna zofunidwa zapamwamba pankhani yosungira ndi kugawa, kuphatikiza kuwonetsetsa kuti zikuyenda ndi tchipisi tanyumba, kuwonetsa zovuta zambiri zamainjiniya zomwe zimafunikira kuthetsedweratu. "Pakadali pano, mphamvu zowerengera zapakhomo sizikufanana ndi Nvidia pakugwiritsa ntchito komanso kukhazikika, zomwe zimafunikira kuti fakitale itenge nawo gawo pakukhazikitsa mapulogalamu, kuthetsa mavuto, komanso kukhathamiritsa koyambira," adatero katswiri wamakampani potengera zomwe zidachitika. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, "Chifukwa cha kukula kwakukulu kwa DeepSeek R1, mphamvu zowerengera zapakhomo zimafunikira ma node ena kuti agwirizane. Kuwonjezera apo, zofunikira za hardware zapakhomo zidakali kumbuyo; mwachitsanzo, Huawei 910B panopa sangathe kuthandizira FP8 yomwe inayambitsidwa ndi DeepSeek." Chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri zachitsanzo cha DeepSeek V3 ndikukhazikitsa njira yophunzitsira yosakanikirana bwino ya FP8, yomwe yatsimikiziridwa bwino pachitsanzo chachikulu kwambiri, zomwe zikuwonetsa kupambana kwakukulu. M'mbuyomu, osewera akulu ngati Microsoft ndi Nvidia adapereka ntchito yofananira, koma kukayikira kumakhalabe mkati mwamakampani okhudzana ndi kuthekera. Zimamveka kuti poyerekeza ndi INT8, mwayi waukulu wa FP8 ndikuti kuchulukitsa kwapambuyo pamaphunziro kumatha kukwaniritsa kulondola kosatayika kwinaku kumathandizira kwambiri kuthamanga. Poyerekeza ndi FP16, FP8 imatha kuzindikira kuthamangitsa kawiri pa Nvidia's H20 komanso kuthamangitsa nthawi 1.5 pa H100. Makamaka, pamene zokambirana zokhudzana ndi momwe mphamvu zogwirira ntchito zapakhomo zikukulirakulira, kulingalira ngati Nvidia angasokonezedwe, komanso ngati mtsinje wa CUDA ungalambalale, ukuchulukirachulukira. Chowonadi chosatsutsika ndichakuti DeepSeek yachepetsa kwambiri msika wa Nvidia, koma kusinthaku kumabweretsa mafunso okhudzana ndi kukhulupirika kwamphamvu kwa Nvidia. Nkhani zomwe zidavomerezedwa m'mbuyomu zokhudzana ndi kusonkhanitsa ndalama zoyendetsedwa ndi likulu zikutsutsidwa, komabe zimakhala zovuta kuti Nvidia asinthidwe m'malo mwa maphunziro. Kuwunika kwakugwiritsa ntchito kwakuya kwa DeepSeek kwa CUDA kukuwonetsa kuti kusinthasintha, monga kugwiritsa ntchito SM pakulankhulana kapena kuwongolera mwachindunji makhadi a netiweki - sikutheka kuti ma GPU anthawi zonse azikhala. Malingaliro amakampani akutsindika kuti moat ya Nvidia imaphatikizapo chilengedwe chonse cha CUDA osati CUDA yokha, ndi malangizo a PTX (Parallel Thread Execution) omwe DeepSeek amagwiritsa ntchito akadali gawo la chilengedwe cha CUDA. "M'kanthawi kochepa, mphamvu ya computational ya Nvidia siingalephereke-izi zikuwonekera makamaka pa maphunziro; komabe, kutumizira makadi apakhomo chifukwa cha kulingalira kudzakhala kosavuta, kotero kupita patsogolo kungakhale kofulumira. Kusintha kwa makadi apakhomo makamaka kumayang'ana pa kulingalira; palibe amene adakwanitsa kuphunzitsa chitsanzo cha ntchito ya DeepSeek pa makadi apanyumba kuti afufuze makadi amakampani pa AI Review. Ponseponse, kuchokera kumalingaliro, zochitika zimalimbikitsa tchipisi tanyumba zazikulu. Mwayi wa opanga tchipisi apanyumba m'malo ongoyerekeza amawonekera kwambiri chifukwa cha maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri, omwe amalepheretsa kulowa. Akadaulo akutsutsa kuti kungogwiritsa ntchito makhadi a m'nyumba ndikokwanira; ngati kuli kofunikira, kupeza makina owonjezera ndi kotheka, pamene zitsanzo zophunzitsira zimakhala ndi zovuta zapadera-kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa makina kungakhale kolemetsa, ndipo kulakwitsa kwakukulu kungawononge zotsatira za maphunziro. Maphunziro alinso ndi zofunikira zenizeni zamagulu, pomwe zofunikira pamagulu kuti afotokozere sizili zolimba, motero kuchepetsa zofunikira za GPU. Pakalipano, machitidwe a khadi limodzi la H20 la Nvidia saposa Huawei kapena Cambrian; mphamvu yake ili m'magulumagulu. Kutengera momwe msika wamagetsi amakhudzira msika, woyambitsa Luchen Technology, You Yang, adawona poyankhulana ndi AI Technology Review, "DeepSeek ikhoza kusokoneza kwakanthawi kukhazikitsidwa ndi kubwereketsa magulu akuluakulu ophunzirira. kumayendetsa kufunikira kokhazikika pamsika wamagetsi ophatikizika. " Kuonjezera apo, "kuchuluka kwa DeepSeek pakufuna kulingalira ndi kukonza bwino ntchito kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi momwe anthu amakhalira kunyumba, komwe mphamvu zakomweko ndizochepa kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kuchepetsa zinyalala kuchokera kuzinthu zopanda ntchito pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwamagulu; izi zimapanga mwayi kwa opanga pamagulu osiyanasiyana a zachilengedwe." Luchen Technology yagwirizana ndi Huawei Cloud kuti akhazikitse DeepSeek R1 mndandanda wa ma API olingalira ndi ntchito zolingalira zamtambo kutengera mphamvu zapakhomo. You Yang adawonetsa kuti ali ndi chiyembekezo chamtsogolo: "DeepSeek imapangitsa chidaliro pamayankho omwe amapangidwa mdziko muno, kulimbikitsa chidwi chachikulu komanso kusungitsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito zapakhomo kupita patsogolo."
Mapeto
Kaya DeepSeek ndi "yabwino" kuposa ChatGPT zimatengera zosowa ndi zolinga za wogwiritsa ntchito. Pantchito zomwe zimafunikira kusinthasintha, zotsika mtengo, komanso makonda, DeepSeek ikhoza kukhala yopambana. Pazolemba zamaluso, kufunsa wamba, komanso malo ochezera osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, ChatGPT ikhoza kutsogolera. Chida chilichonse chimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, choncho kusankha kudzadalira kwambiri nkhani zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
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